Police Profiling And Its Effectiveness - 1317 Words

I. Introduction a. Opening Sentence i. A case about profiling (Whren Brown) and its effectiveness to reduce crime or not to reduce crime. b. Secondary Sentence i. Brief background into profiling and how it connects to the previously mentioned case, leading into the thesis. c. Thesis Statement i. Profiling is something that every person has or will do at some point in their life; some may even profile without even realizing it. There are various forms of profiling which will be discussed, along with the history behind profiling and how it has been used successfully by Law Enforcement in several areas as a field on investigation (Douglass, Ressler Burgess, 1986). Profiling has various positives along with negatives, and these are accepted by Satzewich and Shaffir (2009) who suggest that racial profiling is best understood in the context of a police subculture where these police officer intergrade profiling as part of their every day work routine. Profiling is a big factor in the daily work of every Law Enforcement Officer and it cannot be avoided (Becker, 2004). For the most part profiling is seen as part of an officers daily investigative tools, from border searches, to pulling vehicles over for traffic citations the officers will use his or her discretion on those who aro use their suspicion (Rose, 2002). Therefore, this paper will analyze the overall effectiveness of profiling and how it either proves to successfully reduce crime or not (Rose, 2002). II. History ofShow MoreRelatedDiscussion On Geographical Profiling And Crime Theory1490 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion Geographical profiling is based on several theories including routine activity theory (Cohen Felson, 1979) suggesting that offenders come across opportunities to offend in their daily life, rational choice theory (Clarke Felson, 1993) which suggests offenders make a cost v risk analysis and crime pattern theory (Brantingham Brantingham, 1981) which is a merging of the two previous theories. Along with the assumptions of distance decay (the belief that offenders are more inclinedRead MoreEssay On Racial Profiling1514 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called â€Å"racial profiling (W ard, 2002). So what is racial profiling? According to theRead MoreEssay on Criminal Profiling1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal profiling is one of few first things to think of when it comes to forensic psychology. Criminal profiling is featured in popular television shows such as in Law and Order and CSI. Often in those shows, the police officers were able to catch the criminals based on the criminal profile that forensic psychologists came up with. In a theory, the polices rely on criminal profiling to catch criminals, educate the public about a possible criminal, and confirm the witnesses’ accounts. CriminalRead More Profiling and Police/Community Relations Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pages Scientific Methods Scientifically, profiling and police-community relations are comprised of a two-fold focus. The first focal point concentrates on attitudes members of a community have about profiling in accordance to actions conducted by police officers upon them in the course of their duties. The second focal point concentrates on the profiling of police officers, as completed by early intervention systems, in an effort to reduce complaints from members of the community. The literatureRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Is Ineffective and Reduces Public Safety937 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is law enforcement and private security practices that disproportionately target people of color for investigation and enforcement. Racial Profiling occurs across the United States and an overwhelming number of Hispanics and African Americans, including children, are being stopped. Some may say â€Å"racial profiling is an ineffective and degrading practice that violates civil rights† while others say that it is â€Å"necessary to counter terrorism and reduce crime.† In myRead MoreColor Vs. Crime : Racial Profiling1662 Words   |  7 PagesColor vs. Crime Racial profiling, according to The Leadership Conference, â€Å"refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† This is a troubling pressing issue in the United States till this day. Racial profiling is patently illegal and violates the U.S. Constitution’s core promises of equal protection under the law to all and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. MoreoverRead MoreRacial Profiling Term Paper1588 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a popular method used by law officers in order to hypothetically enhance crime prevention by targeting minorities, because they are more likely to commit a crime. According to Wikipedia, racial profiling is defined as: the inclusion of race in the profile of a person considered likely to commit a particular crime or type of crime. In other words, it is targeting specific ethnic groups because they are more likely to commit certain crimes. Racial profiling is a flagrant form ofRead MoreThe Validity Of Criminal Profiling Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe Validity of Criminal Profiling and its Effectiveness on Solving Crime In law, law enforcement relies on a variety of approaches to solving crimes. One method of doing so, is criminal profiling. Police use criminal profiling as an aid to identify the typology of individuals most likely to fit the suspect profile. In this approach, evidence of a crime is used to identify the characteristics of the criminal in relation to their personality and psychological state of mind. As wellRead MorePolice Enforcement And The Police Agencies1609 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduce: I think we all can agree that the police agencies, image has been ruined in every way you could possibly think of. I truly believe that no one honors the police agencies anymore. As technology has enhance over the years, far as cell phones, people are able to see what police officers are really doing while on the force. There have been many video release when police brutality was reveal, as well as how the police agencies respond to an incident. Over the years, community policing hasRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1638 Words   |  7 Pagesher views are perpetuating the dominant view by law enforcement. In her article, she continues by trying to prove the effectiveness of carding by making reference to a high profile case but first, I will like to address and disrupt certain statements found in article made by Chief Jennifer Evans justifying racial profiling through carding. In this article that Peel Regional Police Chief Jennifer Evans states, â€Å"In fact, when carding is done properly, there is nothing random about it† (p. 1). The argument

Production And Release Of The Matrix Essay - 2220 Words

Production and Release The Matrix was produced by Warner Bros. studios, and released in the U.S. on March 31, 1999. It was written and directed by Lana and Lilly Wachowski, also known as the Wachowski Brothers. The principal cast included, Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Hugo Weaving among others. During its opening weekend, it made $27,788,331 and it grossed $171,383,253. It won an Oscar for, best film editing, best sound, best effects (sound effects editing, and best effects (visual effects). Three years prior to the release of this film the Wachowski Brothers also directed and released Bound, which was a movie about an ex con and her lover planning to steal a lot of money and framing someone else for it. This film is relevant to the one discussed, because it focuses on outcasts in society and the changes they go through to come closer to their new beginning. In 1999, Warner Bros. studio, produced The Green Mile and The Iron Giant both movies are similar to the film discuss ed because they feature a character who is misunderstood and by those around them, but they go to great lengths and sacrifice everything to save those same people who feared them. Plot and Story A phone call, between a male and female whose voices remain anonymous, sharing a conversation about who â€Å"The One† is and whether or not the female believes that the person she’s watching is it or not. Numerous police officers break down the door and tell a female, who isShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of The Article ‘Quorum-Sensing Regulation In1446 Words   |  6 Pagessurface component has been implicated in enhanced biofilm formation and bacterial colonization of indwelling medical devices. Agr plays an important role in affecting, as Agr controls protease which allows the degradation of protein of the biofilm matrix. However, the actual Agr’s implication of biofilm still remain questionable, as the article argues that the dysfunction Agr enhances the biofilm formation. This could be further explained as Agr system is commonly isolated from infections on indwellingRead MoreBio 135 Test Review Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 3 bone cells and their function 12. What is bone’s Extracellular matrix made up of? 13. What is calcification? 14. What is ossification? 15. What is osteogenesis? 16. What is osteolysis? 17. What is the functional unit of Compact bone? 1. Structural support to the body 2. Protection of various regions of the body 3. Mineral storage, especially calcium 4. Formation of blood cells in the marrow A. Dense Extracellular matrix B. Avascular C. CHONDROCYTES within spaces called LACUNAE D. SurroundedRead MoreHsc Case Study896 Words   |  4 Pagesapolipoproteins , matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), support liver regeneration and regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis through secretion of angiogenic factors (Lee et al.,2007). . The activation of HSC leads to the expression of D-smooth-muscle actin and loss of fat vacuoles with loss of retinoids, on other side the activation of these cells increase their contractility and strong their capacity to secrete and express a broad spectrum of matrix components. This activationRead MoreReview Of Chlamydophila Pneumoniae s Theory After Detecting The Presence Of C.1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe progression of the lesions change the disease progresses. Significance Research evaluating Chlamydophila pneumoniae holds significant because of its ability to contribute to atherosclerosis, which have been brought about with the increased production and consumption of processed foods and the explosion of fast food enterprises. Atherosclerosis has been to linked to low socioeconomic status, which is often attributed to inaccessibility to proper health care and an inability to afford a properRead MoreProcessing and Manufacturing of Cheese874 Words   |  4 Pages (ArdoWaagner, 2011). The minimum pH used for the production of different types of cheese is given in the graph below. (ArdoWaagner, 2011) Camembert, Feta and Danablu are low pH cheese varities, where as, Cheddar cheese utilizes a medium minimum pH. High pH cheese varieties include Mozzarella, Tilsiter, Havarti, Gouda, Danbo and the Emmental groups. (ArdoWaagner, 2011) Starter cultures are microorganisms that are used in the production of cultured milk products. Lactic acid bacteria, LABRead MoreCellular Respiration Assignment1438 Words   |  6 PagesHere, the species that are being reduced are the oxidizing agents. 5. Why is an electron transport system important to living organisms? Because it releases energy from fuel in a slow and controlled fashion. 6. Why are oxidation reactions often associated with the production of ATP? They release energy, thus helping with the production of ATP. 7. In the reaction ADP + P forms ATP is energy stored or released? Stored , because with the addition of a Phosphate molecule ATP is formedRead MoreMetabolism641 Words   |  3 Pagesphosphate which causes the phosphate to get stuck and the free phosphate to be depleted by because of so much is being used by the fructose 1-phosphate. Since our phosphate levels were depleted it slows production of ATP, phosphate is needed in the electron transport chain. Since ATP production has slowed and liver cells are low on energy liver damage can occur which can ultimately lead to liver failure. Fructose-1-phosphate buildup can act as a signal of increased blood sugar. 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The nucleus is where the genetic code for the production of different proteins is stored, therefore controlling the enzymes present and thus regulating the activity of the cell. These genes are encoded in a long series of different combinations of the 4 DNA bases; adenine, thymine, guan ine and cytosineRead MoreThe Structure Of The Hip Joint1475 Words   |  6 Pagesthat will be explored are the skeletal system, different types of joints and all the tissues involved at the hip joint. The skeletal system has five main functions which consist of support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production and mineral release and storage. The skeletal system is made up of two parts, the Axial skeleton and the Appendicular skeleton. The Axial skeleton includes of the skull, spine and ribcage. The Appendicular is made up of the arms, legs, pelvic girdle and pectoral

Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt Free Essays

Compare Contrast Essay Mesopotamia and Egypt By: Jessenia Carranza Egypt and Mesopotamia are similar because they share the same concept of having a single rule, although Egypt is a theocracy and Mesopotamia is a monarchy; and both are divided into social classes, the difference being that women in Egypt have more right than Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia and Egypt are both based upon a single ruler. The Akkedians, for example, had king Sargen, who formed the first empire; or even Hammurabi, the ruler of Babylonia, he created the fist code of laws, which were followed by his people. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Akkedians had to have a single ruler because an empire doesn’t form itself; it needs a leader, which is the king. Similar to this is Menes the king of Egypt, he united Lower and Upper Egypt and built the first dynasty. Although Mesopotamia and Egypt were both based upon a single ruler, Egypt was a dynasty and passed down the power to the son, whereas Mesopotamia was just a monarchy didn’t necessarily pass down the power to the son. In Egypt the pharaohs, were believed to be gods, therefore it was a theocracy and he had total control. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was a monarchy, and it was believed that their ruler descended from the gods, but they were not gods. Another similarity between these two societies is that they are divided into social classes. In both of them, the King is in the first class followed by wealthy merchants and then the farmers, unskilled workers, and all the other people. Basically the social classes in Mesopotamia and Egypt are based on power, money and skills. One difference between both of these societies is that they Egypt give women more rights then the women in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia women could only own property and could divorce their husbands. Meanwhile, in Egypt women could not only divorce and own property, but also they could also manage and sell properties and trade. In short, while in Mesopotamia women’s rights were restricted, in Egypt women’s right were equal to men. How to cite Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt, Essay examples

Betwixt Non-Financial (sustainability) and Integrated Reporting

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Reporting Framework. Answer: Introduction Integrated reporting is the need of the hour as it is an innovative approach that has provided a paramount advantage to the corporate reporting process. With the due passage of time, the concept has gained paramount importance and it is a precise communication that is done considering the external environment and leads to the development of the value creation which is the major objective of the organization. The value creation pertains to the long-term as well as short-term. The creation of IR goes in favor of the process of accountability, trust and stewardship that harness the flow of information and transparency of business that is influenced by the presence of technology (Carol et. al, 2016). The investors need information so that the decision-making process goes in favor and enables them to create greater returns. The report lists the benefit associated with the process of integrated reporting and the benefits that can be accrued out of it. Disadvantages of traditional corporate reporting In relation to traditional reporting, it pursues several disadvantages that have played a key role in deteriorating its significance in the current scenario. Furthermore, these disadvantages can be assembled in various types namely complications, the absence of connectivity, and lack of progressive information. Traditional corporate reporting with the due passage of time has become many problematic and longer. Complexity is involved and takes a lot of time that leads to a negative course of action. The reason behind this can be attributed towards an increase in business complications, thereby necessitating substantial and innovative reporting requirements. Moreover, this has made it more complicated for the users of financial statements to extricate relevant information that they need. This is the reason why such users have become incapable in making effective decisions, thereby resulting in operational inefficiency (Melville, 2013). Furthermore, traditional corporate reporting also suffers from the absence of proper non-financial details, or many times such non-financial information prevails but is not effectively related with that of the financial information. Besides, actually, it has been observed that such non-financial data assist in developing the understanding of users on matters re lated to performance and intangible company value. In addition, the level of sustainability reports is minimal in traditional corporate reporting as opposed to modern reporting that offers an enhanced viewpoint of the companys operations, and emphasizing interconnection of every trait that affects the ability of a company to create value with the due passage of time (Oates, 2009). On a whole, the disadvantages of traditional corporate fail to provide an anticipation of the long-term position of a company. Besides, since it cannot overpass past-concentrated financial details, it also fails to disclose proper strategic goals to enhance the future and measures to procure them, the future viewpoint of the companys performance, and relationship betwixt such past and future performance as a whole. Integrated reporting Integrated reporting aims to offer a holistic viewpoint of the company by putting its measures and performance in relation to it's significant environmental and social concerns. Moreover, in relation to corporate communication, it refers to a procedure that results in communication on matters regarding generation of value with the due passage of time. In simple words, it is a kind of communication, which aims to offer relevant information about how the companys measures, governance, and performance can result in the creation of value over time. Besides, such representation of company performance relates to the prevalence of both financial as well as non-financial information. In order to address the disparities in traditional corporate reporting, the introduction of integrated reporting has been made. Furthermore, according to the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), such reporting format does not incorporate mass complications that can hamper its significant value. This is because it can play a key role in establishing a proper report comprising of information that is significant in nature. Therefore, because of the absence of high complications in such reporting process, it becomes very beneficial to the users of financial statements as now they can withdraw relevant data in order to make effective decisions. In addition, such reporting does not incorporate sufficient non-financial information unlike in the case of traditional corporate reporting. Integrated reporting, in reality, incorporates both non-financial and financial data that also comprise of sustainability reports in order to offer an enhanced viewpoint on the performance of the company. It offers enhanced information by clarifying how such information can align with the functions and activities of the company, thereby assisting them in making proper decisions (Lapsley, 2012). Lastly, in association with progressive details, such reporting surpasses past-oriented information in order to provide several measures that are beneficial to the company stakeholders and company as a whole. Moreover, in order to shed light on the proper relationship betwixt the past and future performance of a company, an integrated report helps in the completion of both sustainability and financial reports. Nevertheless, such reporting is also related to Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) that are very beneficial to the current companies after taking into account the prevalent scenarios, as such initiative emphasizes upon the fact that the stakeholders of a company possess a right to procure every significant information on its performance. Difference betwixt integrated and non-financial reporting Even though an integrated report accommodates sustainability reporting in order to facilitate enhanced understanding regarding the companys performance to its users, there is a necessity to address the concerns betwixt the two. In relation to sustainability reporting, it primarily focuses on communication of the strategy of a company in order to sustain its key social and environmental issues. In other words, it is mainly about communicating to the public on matters related to how the company assesses its environmental and social issues that are more significant to it, or how the management of these concerns can be done, or how the company is operating in opposition to such prime concerns, etc. Moreover, many companies consider such concerns as business risks and opportunities as a whole. For example, climate change, employee diversification, attraction, and retention of talent, etc, that cannot only pose threats but also opportunities for the company (Mark Michael, 2016). Hence, su stainability reporting primarily deals with communicating how an organization can manage or identify these risks and opportunities for better performance. On the other hand, integrated reporting is a progressive strategy in comparison to sustainability reporting, as it deals with how companies can manage their generation of long-term value through the introduction of an integrated measure to both traditional and sustainability risks. Hence, in contrast to reporting on the companys financial performance and sustainability performance, such reporting assists in shedding light on how the company can accommodate both environmental and social concerns into their activities. In other words, an integrated report surpasses environmental and social information, financial data, etc, in order to shed light on how it can accommodate these broader threats and opportunities into their long-term vision and other plans and policies as a whole (Samaha Dahaway, 2010). Moreover, this depicts that an integrated report pulls together crucial information in order to describe how a generation of value is facilitated through the activities of the company. Therefore, sustainability reporting sheds light on one relevant segment of the companys performance, without which an integrated report cannot deliver to its fullest value. On a whole, it is the responsibility of a company to put sustainability elements in proper place, and it must not give due consideration towards the publishing of sustainability reports. Besides, when such sustainability elements are in place, an integrated report can provide clear guidance to the users. Advantages and disadvantages of integrated reporting An integrated report assists in offering a more efficient allocation of capital by providing enhanced transparency on the measures and perspectives to the analysis so that they can re-align their framework with that of the model of business (IR, 2016). Therefore, the result will be enhanced goodwill and confidence in the award and organizational risk and appropriate sizing of their cost of capital. In addition, the internal and external factors that are related to the business strategy and framework can develop the concentration throughout the company on concerns that are very significant in highlighting the procurement of organizational goals. Besides, although an integrated report plays a key role in developing preciseness and minimizing complications in financial information, a new and complete set of non-financial details can only play a part in maximizing the complications and length of such information (KMPG, 2016). Nevertheless, these issues badly influence the perspectives on the scale to which an integrated report must procure its goals. In relation to separation of control and ownership within companies, an agency theory is more promising, as it can assist in creating a contractual agency relationship betwixt the shareholder (principal) and the management (agent). Moreover, information asymmetry magnified with a presumption that both parties are developers of utility, implies that the principals are focused to align the interest of an agent closer with that of them, by monitoring or bonding expenses in order to minimize the residual losses (Eccles Krzus, 2010). Therefore, an integrated report refers to a kind of monitoring cost that assists in lessening the information asymmetry. Moreover, this perspective also aligns with that of the goal of integrated reporting model that is to enhance financial allocation of capital by having a company disclose its procedure on how it intends to generate long-term value (Spiceland, 2011). Furthermore, positive accounting theory (PAT) also plays a role in describing firms as interlink of contracts in order to minimize agency expenses. Therefore, as these contracts require monitoring and proper enforcement, there is high demand for accounting and auditing procedures primarily on aspects like debt contracts, regulation of government, etc. The discretion of the management over such accounting and auditing plans and policies by allowing these to optimize their option of policies play a key role in minimizing the cost of contracts and restrict costly regulation (Druckman, 2013). Nonetheless, an integrated report can be implemented as an option of such policy, thereby facilitating in a better advantage to the companies. Significance of integrated reporting In relation to the current business scenario, the impact of every group of stakeholder on business value cannot be disregarded. Furthermore, according to studies, an integrated report aims in offering a broader outcome of performance in opposition to traditional corporate reporting. Besides, the development of IIRF (International Integrated Reporting Framework) by the IIRC assists in offering guidance to companies by providing relevant details that are necessary for investors and stakeholders to assess the long-term influence of the company effectively and precisely (IR, 2016). Furthermore, integrated reporting is beneficial to stakeholders regarding matters on the environment, social, and governance issues, thereby offering more transparency to them in association with the influence of these factors on the company. It also sheds light on the relationship of the company with its key stakeholders. Nevertheless, both financial and non-financial information addresses the disparities in traditional corporate reporting. Conclusion Integrated reporting assist in enhancing transparency and accountability of financial information that is beneficial for building trust with major stakeholders such as suppliers, government, customers, etc. In other words, an integrated report is advantageous to every group of stakeholder. It not only offers immense effectiveness to the company but is also an edge for other kinds of reporting. This implies that it has an edge over traditional corporate reporting, as it can enable enhanced presentation by offering extreme power to the company in relation to its reporting and compliance as a whole. References Carol, A.A, Brad, P, Prakash J. S, Jodi Y 2016, Exploring the implications of integrated reporting for social investment (disclosures), The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 283296 Druckman, P 2013, Integrate reporting framework aims to promote lasting sustainable change, viewed 18 April 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/integrated-reporting-framework-sustainable-change Eccles, R.G. Krzus, M. 2010, One Report: Integrated Reporting for a Sustainable Strategy, Wiley, New Jersey, USA. Integrated reporting (IR) 2016, What? The tool for better reporting, viewed 18 April 2016, https://integratedreporting.org/what-the-tool-for-better-reporting/ KMPG 2016, Performance insight through Better Business Reporting, viewed 18 April 2016, https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/road-to-integrated-reporting.pdf Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Mark A. C Michael J. P 2016, The timeliness of UK private company financial reporting: Regulatory and economic influences, The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 297315 Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Oates, T. 2009, Jigsaw must be complete, Sustainable Business, Sydney. Samaha, K. Dahaway, K 2010, Factory influencing corporate disclosure transparency, in the active share trading firms: An Explanatory study, Research in Emerging Economies, vol. 10, pp. 87-118. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press.

Western Scientific Paradigm an Example by

Western Scientific Paradigm The western scientific paradigm is widely influencing the world through the different fields of disciplines such education, arts, medicine, and culture. It is grounded upon a dominant worldview that is representative of western ideas and perceptions. Basically it is characterized by analytic and scientific based inquiries that are geared to be predictable and controllable. Its influence is wide enough to be considered as the standard for success and applicability in different fields of disciplines But because of its dominance, concerns about it being one sided is also evident. In the word of Rothstein (2001), Western science is hardly neutral and objective. Instead it is full of unexamined prejudices and preferences and presumptions. Need essay sample on "Western Scientific Paradigm" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed To define what is a western scientific paradigm is unclear apart from its philosophical, including both cosmological issues and epistemological questions; sociological; and technological dimensions. Indigenous groups from non-western cultures have expressed their sentiments and concerns about the imposing nature of the western scientific approach because of the misunderstandings and gaps it created among people of diverse cultures. Along the way, the application has led to the denial of other worldviews by being critical and partial. Jamison (1994) explicitly said, Part of the problem with the critiques of Western science is that they have been partial critiques and have failed to provide what might be considered workable alternatives to the totality of Western science. The alternatives, like the critiques, have all too often been too narrowly focused to be effective. Science in the Western perspective is often experimental in practice, through the use of technical instruments and other experimental apparatus. From the emergence of Scientific Revolution down through the history to the present Global era, western scientific norms and applications still take the lead in transforming science into an industrial and technological application.Historically, the influence of the Western scientific paradigm among the Latin Americans is wide in scope, owing to the fact that Western cultures have a great influence on this people on its the discovery and colonization in the 14th century. Citing Rouquie, Leon and Sonntag mentioned that Latin America and Caribbean are said to be part of the West, though they have been called the Extreme Occident; they further explained that its societies are, in the view of Clash of Civilizations, bearers of a culture of their own, which gives them a distinct identity that distinguishes them from the West. Latin Americans are c haracterized as hybrid, originating from different cultures with the strong influence of the Western (European, and Spanish), Portuguese and African cultures through the black slavery. An indigenous approach needs to be practiced that is expressive of ones origin, culture and worldview. Though it is open to prevalent scientific and technological perspective, it has its own way of discovering new concepts of knowledge that is localized in perspective and practice. Lalor (2005), proposed an ubuntu concept (African concept), a principle based on respect, dignity, compassion and mutual support, should underpin and inform efforts to leverage our greatest national asset - the diversity of our people. Lalor said, It is this human wealth that can provide the dynamism, creative energy and innovative ways of thinking and problem-solving required to successfully compete in an increasingly complex and multi-cultural local and global business context. And the fundamental notion of ubuntu is that our individual humanity is ideally expressed through our relationship with others will be a powerful driver for transformation and growth: economic, social and spiritual. References Jamison, Andrew, (1994). The uncertain quest: science, technology, and development, The United Nations University, Tokyo. Rothstein, Edward, (2005). Coming to Blows Over How Valid Science Really Is, New York Times, New York, 2001 Lalor Leon, Roberto B, Social Science and Latin America, Promises to Keep. Journal of World-Systems Research VI. 798-810

History of the Olympics - 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin

History of the Olympics - 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany The IOC had awarded the Games to Berlin in 1931 with no idea that Adolf Hitler was to take power in Germany two years later. By 1936, the Nazis had control over Germany and had already begun to implement their racist policies. There was international debate as to whether the 1936 Olympics in Nazi Germany should be boycotted. The United States was extremely close to boycotting but at the last minute decided to accept the invitation to attend. The Nazis saw the event as a way to promote their ideology. They built four grandiose stadiums, swimming pools, an outdoor theater, a polo field, and an Olympic Village that had 150 cottages for the male athletes. Throughout the Games, the Olympic complex was covered in Nazi banners. Leni Riefenstahl, a famous Nazi propaganda filmaker, filmed these Olympic Games and made them into her movie Olympia. These Games were the first ones televised and were the first to use telex transmissions of the results. Also debuting at these Olympics was the torch relay. Jesse Owens, a black athlete from the United States, was the star of the 1936 Olympic Games. Owens, the Tan Cyclone, brought home four gold medals: the 100-meter dash, the long jump (made an Olympic record), the 200-meter sprint around a turn (made a world record), and part of the team for the 400-meter relay. About 4,000 athletes participated, representing 49 countries. For More Information: History of the OlympicsList of the Olympic GamesInteresting Olympic Facts

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Trade - Essay Example Eventually, globalization of trade worked in some countries better than others. Stiglitz takes a closer look at globalization and its effects leading to disparity of growth in different countries. Among the factors he identifies are the following. First, he talks about the lack of ready capital flow. Countries such as the US made readily available grants to commerce making it easy for new enterprises to emerge to take advantage of global trade. Secondly, Asian countries experienced rapid exponential economic growth due to their emphasis on industrialization rather than educational programs. Thirdly, he blames the neo-classical theories, which asked developing countries to emphasize on manpower training rather than capital flow to enterprise. The result was rampant joblessness, poverty and desperation in these countries; rather than the envisaged economic growth. Finally, he points out that the disparities between experiences countries in the New Economy depend on their own policies which enable them to take advantage of it to grow or otherwise. Stiglitz is right on many counts. His criticism of the neo-classical theory that portrayed globalization as the panacea for all the world’s pre-existing economic problems, such as the disparities in wealth, is justified. He points out that South American countries have emerged all the poorer compared to their northern neighbour the US. In Africa, the poverty situation is worsening. The main difference between those who have become richer and those who have stagnated is in terms of policies. Countries that had a readily available trained manpower base and credit capital like the US did better than others in the New Economy. As a result, economies of world nations diverged instead of converging. Secondly, he points out that countries such as China did not embrace international economic ideologies fully, but adopted positive ideas while

Negative Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negative Decisions - Essay Example (Hoch, p. 26) The case with Barings Bank is one of the most vivid examples of how wrong decisions may affect a stable and seemingly reliable company. The theory and experience of decision-making state that the person should foresee all possible consequences of his actions in order to avoid possible catastrophe. It is evident that Nick Leeson omitted this regulation. He made a strategic error in his decision and this led to a collapse, which caused the bank experience trading losses that exceeded $1 billion. This accident happened in 1992, in the middle of July. It started with an error made by one young trader, working in Singapore office of the Barings Bank. This young specialist had to buy the contracts, but he sold these contracts instead, by mistake. Due to this error the bank had losses for about $30000, and the company had to cover these losses. Lesson decided to cover up this error. The question here is whether Leeson should have revealed this mistake to supervising managers or hided it. As it has been said above, he decided to hide it, wishing to help and support one of his employees. This was the first stage in a series of mistakes on many levels that resulted in collapse of the bank. What has started with an attempt to conceal employee's mistake, resulted in multiple attempts to hide his own mistakes in derivative market, and this deception together with many negative decisions led the bank to crash. As the experts comment similar situations, "How did a back office clerk in his 20s become responsible for bankrupting one of the world's oldest merchant banks The answer: many bad decisions" (Hoch, p. 40). It is evident that this manager cannot be fully responsible of what happened to company. His own mistakes that he tried to hide were evidently known to supervising managers, but these errors produced the same wrong decisions as he had once made, and supervising managers allowed him to act independently and provided him with the holes to slip through. It is known that Nick Leeson started his working career as the manager who was responsible for fixing the mistakes of other traders. These were the mistakes connected to calling out the orders to sell or buy. As a rule, these mistakes are usually noticed and fixed within a day and a night in special departments. Leeson had a capability to detail and scrupulous working, so this feature had helped him in getting this job three years before he made his fatal decision. Soon after he started working, he was sent to Jakarta branch to examine heaps of papers accumulated in one of the offices. Then in 1992 Nick Leeson was suggested a positionoif a manager responsible for running futures subsidiary in Singapore office of the Barings Bank. During a term of 3 years that passed after his appointment, the losses caused by his own trading mistakes exceeded $1 billion. He confessed he had deceived the Barings Bank and SIMEX (Singapore International Monetary Exchange). Leeson was arrested, and sentenced to 6.5 years of imprisonment. The fist question that comes to mind while observing this case is how this manager concealed his errors and deception for so long. In case his mistakes had revealed in time, this wouldn't have resulted in catastrophe. It is possible to define several strategic mistakes in the process of decision-making that led to collapse. Overwhelming emotions. It is known that supervising manag

Katz's Paradoxes of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Katz's Paradoxes of Evil - Essay Example Such setting may lead us to engage in evil deeds with or without our knowledge. Furthermore, our behaviors are unique; however, we are only guided by morals and principles. Contrary, morals are not universal, they are very personal for what may be right the one individual may be wrong in the beliefs and judgment of another. As such, our behavior can lead us to act in either way that is good or evil. Therefore, it is important to know that committing evil doe s not require any skills and any person can commit evil knowingly or unknowingly. In support of this paradox, the bible is quotes Jesus telling a group of people who were condemning an individual for acting wrongly. He said that if any of them clearly knew that they were absolutely clean from evil then they should be the first to reprimand that condemned individual. In the end none came forth for they all, knew that they had committed evil. According to James Waller a social psychologist, extraordinary evil is very weighty, as it may involve sins like mass murder, genocide among others. However, committing such evils may not require an extraordinary person. Most of the perpetrators of such acts have a starting point. As time passes when they are holding on small responsibility they gradually graduate to handle more and more responsibilities. In the end they have the capacity and machinery to commit the extraordinary evils (Waller n.p). In my own view, there are other factors that may lead an ordinary person to commit an extraordinary evil such as merging roles. Naturally, the basic assumption is that if an individual is good they will act or behave in a good manner and if they are evil minded then they will engage in evil ways. Conversely, this assumption may not hold if a person is given merging roles. For example if a good person if delegated for duties that require them to undertake evil acts, as time

Channels Target Markets Research Marketing Essay

Channels Target Markets Research Marketing Essay In the past few years, European and American luxury markets have been weak because of economy risk. But Chinese luxury market has a steady growth and there are some new emerging markets like Brail, Russia, India and so on. As a whole, the luxury market has a good perspective. This report will discuss CHANEL as a well known luxury brands with long history. Firstly the report could simply describe the CHANEL background. Secondly there is a marketing analysis on CHANEL products. The 4P marketing mixes and STP market strategy are used to evaluate CHANEL products. And then the report could give some introductions on China and Brazil markets which are considered as the target markets of CHANEL. Meanwhile the two target markets will be carefully analyzed to identify whether they are appropriate for CHANEL or not. Finally, the report provides some suggestions which can help CHANEL take more shares of China market. Luxury brand CHANEL CHANEL was found in Paris, France in 1913. And Gabrielle Chanel (Coco Chanel) was the founder who also played the role of designer from 1910 to 1971. In 1983, Karl Lagerfeld called genius designer became the successor. CHANEL has managed a lot of products such as clothing, hats, perfume, jewelry, cosmetic, glasses and so on. The design philosophy of CHANEL Brand is elegance, conciseness and beautiful. In addition, double C and stereoscopic rhombus space line are the major signs. As known to all, double C has become the pride of fashion. And women around the world want to have the brand. In 1920s, womens trappings perfume and image has changed from classical to modern. All this cannot achieve without Chanel contribution. Then after Karl Largerfeld became the chief designer, he was very successful to push Chanel fashion to another peak. Marketing analysis of CHANEL products 3.1 4P marketing analysis product CHANEL products are mainly female products. There are some kinds of series. Fashion boutique: fashion, bag, shoes, accessory Glasses series: sunglasses, optical glasses Wristwatch series: camellia, Premiere, J12, Top jewelry series: camellia, comet, 1932, baroque CHANEL perfume series: NO.5, NO.19 Most of CHANEL products are highly luxury. Because of the comfortable design, unique style and elegant lingering charm, CHANEL can bring a kind of fashion and vanity for users. price As the international well-known brand, CHANEL adopts the high price strategy based on its high quality image (OGuinn, 2011). The price strategies are as follows: Clothing: high price strategy Fashion boutique: high-middle price strategy Watch and top jewelry: high price strategy Glasses: high-middle price strategy Perfume and makeup: mid-price strategy place The CHANEL clothing has spread in 37 countries worldwide and there are 29 countries which hold the points of sale about glasses series. To accord with the position, CHANEL focuses on the senior department stores and prosperous business district. In Taipei, there are four points of sale. Furthermore, in Japan, CHANEL Ginza building has gone into operation. The whole building has ten stories high. The CHANEL boutiques are set up from first floor to third floor. Meanwhile the VIP rooms are also in the third floor. And the fourth floor is the salon show; all CHANEL offices can be found from fifth floor to ninth floor; the tenth floor has a French restaurant. The whole building shows the luxurious grade (Kotler, 2011). Around here, there are some other famous international brands buildings such as Dior, Burberry and Hermes. promotion Fashion show: CHANEL holds some kinds of fashion shows for the seasonal clothing in many countries. To show the perfect product and quality, CHANEL chooses the elegant scene and well-known models. Magazine: what CHANEL chooses is the brand-led magazine such as ELLE and VOGUE. Except the presentation of product in season, these magazines also introduce the product features and the way to distinguish the genuine CHANEL product (Clow, 2011). Celebrity advertising: there are many celebrities such as Diana Spencer, Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ingrid Bergman who always dress CHANEL clothing in public. So the classical and graceful image has greatly enhanced. Hollywood Star Nicole Kidman became the spokesperson because of her unique temperament which can tally with CHANEL image. Website: there are 12 languages to choose in CHANEL website. Customers can know the product information and watch the recent fashion show. 3.2 STP marketing analysis CHANEL products have spread all over the world and this brand has been the top brand in womans heart. This report will take CHANEL NO.5 as an example to analyze the STP marketing strategy. Market segmentation The market segmentation of CHANEL NO.5 is based on the individual performance and consumers pay more attention to the spiritual value. There are some segmentation factors such as mentality, age, geography and behavior (Aaker, 2011). Expect the celebrities, the intellectual women with high income have been main customers and they are about 35 years old. Modern women focus on the life quality and grade. And meanwhile they pursue the social honor and position. So CHANEL NO.5 becomes the first choice. Target market CHANEL NO.5 adopts the differentiated targeting strategy on target markets. CHANEL divides the high consumption group into many market segments and works out a range of marketing mixes to satisfy the different consumers (Temporal, 2010). Market position CHANEL NO.5 uses a series of market position strategies such as product quality differentiation, product packaging differentiation, brand image differentiation, point-of-sale terminal differentiation and media communication differentiation (Baaghil, 2011). Two target markets This report will take two BRIC countries Brazil and China as the targets. China market China has become the second largest luxury goods market, although Chinese economy has a slowing growth now. From the graph 1, it can be found that in China luxury market, both consumers and total spending have a steady growth. Graph 1: Source: 2011 China luxury market study by BAINCOMPANY The report will have an analysis on Chinese luxury market from supply and demand. According to the analysis of supply structure, Chinese luxury goods mainly depend on import. And the China local luxury brands are very limited. Along with the recession of European luxury markets, more and more international luxury brands have crowed into Chinese market. Almost all the luxury brands have own stores. In addition, from the perspective of demand, Chinese consumers are different from other European and American consumers. Chinese consumers pay more attention to the social status and vanity especially some young white collars. And Chinese consumers with high income and advanced degree tend to be younger about 30 to 45 years old. The following graph 2 shows the product category in China luxury market. It is very obvious that watch, cosmetic and perfume account for larger proportion than other products. Graph 2: Source: 2011 China Luxury Market Study by BAINCOMPANY Brazil market Because of the appearance of European sovereign debt crisis, European luxury market has been impacted. But luxury goods in Brazil market have a good rise. According to the analysis from Bain Company, Brazil is a fast growing luxury market and the target consumers has been over 100 million (Redazione, 2011). The female consumptions account for about 75 in the luxury market. Luxury cosmetics and perfumes are the most popular and jewel is the third largest category. In addition, there may be about dozens of international luxury brands to foray into the Brazilian market in 2012 such as Fendi, Bottega, Veneta, Yves Saint Laurent ¼Ã…’Prada and so on. Louis Vuitton brand will open three new shops in the next year. TiffanyCo entered into St.Paul in 2001 and demand has been constantly increased. In the coming year, there will be a few new TiffanyCo shops. Evaluation of the two target markets 5.1 analyses on Brazilian marketing environment political environment In recent years, Brazilian governments are always struggling to improve social fundamentals and narrow the wealth gap. It led to the expansion of domestic demand. And Brazilian government has also pushed forward some tax preference policies to encourage import. So it is very beneficial for CHANEL to enter Brazil market. Economic environment Brazilian economic strength is the strongest in Latin America. In recent years, the Brazilian domestic demand has been very powerful. And 2014 FIFA world cup and 2016 Olympic Games will be hold in Brazil. So the prospect of luxury market will be very well. Brazil is the 11th country in the rankings of HNWIS (Redazione, 2011). Brazil has more high net worth individuals than India and Russia. Therefore, Brazil will become a new emerging market of CHANEL. Cultural environment Along with the improvement of education culture level, the residents values have changed. They pursue the life quality and want to get respect from others. So it will be a trend to purchase the luxury goods. These changes will be conducive to the sales of CHANEL products. In short, as a new emerging market Brazilian luxury market will bring great profits for CHANEL. 5.2 analyses on Chinese market Consumers purchase motivation: Chinese consumers purchase motivation can be simply summed up two types. The first is social consumer motivation which includes flaunt, social intercourse, conformity and status symbol. At present, some Chinese consumers purchase luxury goods to satisfy the vanity. And some consumers want to keep good social relations. So they always use the luxury good as a gift to other friend. In addition, other consumers think the luxury goods are one of status symbols which can show own social status. The second is individual consumption motivation. Some Chinese consumers purchase luxury goods to pursue life quality and enjoy the happiness what luxury goods can bring. Market Characteristics: the consumption of luxury good is based on economy and culture. Comparing with European and American markets, Chinese market has own characteristics (BAINCOMPANY, 2011). Firstly, the consumption concept has been changed from waste to life attitude. Now many Chinese consumers use the luxury goods to flaunt their social status. Secondly, the demand growth of luxury goods is very amazing. Now Chinese high income groups are great and their purchase desire will be stronger with the rising incomes. So it leads to the rise in luxury goods demand. Thirdly, the main consumers are young people including some successful young merchants and high income white collars. Of course, there is another kind of people: the children of privileged government officials and the super-rich. Through the above analysis on Chinese market, it means that the market is very appropriate for CHANEL. And CHANEL should put more energy into Chinese market to take more market shares, because there are many powerful competitors. Recommendation Aiming at China luxury market, the report provides some recommendation for CHANEL. Accelerating expansion of 2/3 cities. Now the tier 2/3 cities have been the important markets for luxury brands. Because luxury goods accessed into the first tier cites early, the attraction of luxury goods has gradually declined and the sales has been weak. The high marketing costs can also lesson the profits of luxury brands. By contrast, the marketing costs are lower. in tier 2/3 cites, some invisible rich who just begin to pursue the luxury brands are the most important consumers. Graph 3: Source: 2011 China Luxury Market Study by BAINCOMPANY According to the graph 3, it is very clear that CHANEL has no new shops in the tier 2/3 cities. But its competitors such as GUCCI, LV, and Dior have developed the tier 2/3 cities. So CHANEL should rapidly take actions to occupy the tier 2/3 cities. Using some social medium to increase mindshare. Graph 4: Source: 2011 China Luxury Market Study by BAINCOMPANY Social media has been the main way for luxury consumers to get information. Comparing with Facebook and twitter, microblog is the most important social media. If some luxury brands have new information, generally speaking, microblog is the fastest channel to release. There is an interesting phenomenon that many luxury consumers like to flaunt own luxury goods to friends and strangers by own microblog. CHANEL can use the magnifying effects of microblog to release own brand resource. It is a trend for some social medium like mciroblog, brands website and video to play together (OGuinn, 2011). So CHANEL can use the social medium to hold a fashion show live. Of course, microblog will also bring some risks, so CHANEL must carefully analyze the potential risks and work out a coping strategy. Experience marketing In China luxury market, many consumers cannot insight into the culture of luxury brands and do not know their brands idea and history. Knowing the brand is the precondition of brand loyalist. And experience marketing is the bridges for communications between consumers and luxury brands (Ferrell, 2010). CHANEL can build a new unique store or upgrade the existing store to give consumers bran-new shopping experience. In addition, some art activities may be held to help luxury consumers better know CHANEL brands history, value and culture especially the consumers from tier 2/3 cities. Customized service Along with the deep understanding for luxury brands, Chinese luxury consumers cannot satisfy the current design of luxury brands. Consumers customize requirements can reflect their fanaticism of brands. The core value of customized products is the uniqueness and exclusivity (Keller, 2007). There will be a customized agitation in China luxury market. So CHANEL should provide the customized service of some products such as dress, jewel, and bags and so on. And the consumers can choose own design, material and accessories. Furthermore, CHANEL can take into about the Chinese elements. The perfect combination between Chinese elements and European fashion maybe become a trend. Conclusion As a famous luxury brand, CHANEL has been always insisting the unique brands idea. CHANEL represents a kind of style and double C sign has become the eternal classic. Brands design is the most important factor for CHANEL success. Meanwhile a successful brand cannot do without the optimal marketing strategies. In order to satisfy the existing markets and potential markets, CHANEL constantly adjusts the marketing strategies according to the market demand. Moreover, Along with the recession of European and American economy, luxury brands have taken some developing countries as the target market. China luxury market with a steady growth has become the most attractive luxury market. Most well-known luxury brands have set up own stores in first tier cities and tier 2/3 cities. Chinese luxury market is different from European and American luxury markets. So CHANEL should carefully research the development trend of Chinese luxury market and build some new plans to take more market shares. It can be sure that the competition between CHANEL and other international luxury brands is very fierce. But meanwhile CHANEL should pay attention to Brazil luxury market which is a emerging luxury market.

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay -- essays research papers

Basketball Needs to Be Fixed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional and college basketball have become very popular in the hearts and minds of many Americans. Millions of dollars a year are spent on apparel, tickets, and television all generated by people's love for basketball. But in the last couple of years, both the National Basketball Association (NBA) and college basketball have lost a substantial amount of their competition and have caught much criticizim for it. At the heart of this problem is a single cause, greed. The game of basketball has become all about money instead of the game and its fans. This problem needs to be addressed, and the best place to start is with the college players, or more specifically, the NBA draft. The rules and guidelines that pertain to the draft are greatly at fault for the down slide of both college and NBA basketball and they need to be changed before the game down slides into nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The changes that need to be made are simple, underclassmen should not be eligible for the NBA draft; or in other words, if you have years of eligibility left, you should not be eligible to be drafted by an NBA team. What problems would this solve? The answer is most problems in basketball today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, college basketball has paid greatly by losing its most talented players to the NBA as many as three years early. This has resulted in not only an overall lessening of the game, but in certain circumstances caused the downfall of once great basketball programs. This is how it happens, colleges recruit players based on what their needs are or what they will need shortly in the future. So let us say that one school has a great core of sophomore and junior players for an upcoming season. The coaches do not have the need or the room for many new top notch players. So all of the top recruits find other schools to go to. Then, let us say that the great core of players leaves for the NBA, leaving the team with mediocre players and a horrible season to look forward to. By the next recruiting period comes around, the school's reputation has been hurt, and so has their chances of landing the top recruits. This continues until the school's once proud basketball tradition is a thing of the past. This situation is not only hypothetical, schools like UNLV, Georgetown, Seton Hall, and Hous... ...ard spiral. That is how players' salaries have rose to absurd limits. No one noticed the problem while it was happening, but now that it is a problem there is no real way to fix it. In 1996, a rookie salary cap was put into effect by the NBA to put a limit on beginning salaries, so some measures are being taken. This is a start, but it is not the answer to the problem. If underclassmen were not allowed to come out early, high rookie salaries would not have to be as high, and the players would probably be more accepting of less money than most rookies are getting now, and this would help solve the all- around money problem in the NBA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the NBA and college basketball seem to be in a rut. And as stated before, they reason is the underclassmen leaving school early to make money in the NBA. So what's the solution? Easy, do not let the college players enter the NBA draft early. It would benefit everyone in the future. Of course there would be a transitional period, but the losses would be short and the effects of the change would be evident very quickly. Let the game be played the way it was meant to be played, for the competition and not for the money.